When the size of the horizon becomes smaller than any particular structure, no interaction by any of the fundamental forces can occur between the most remote parts of the structure, and the structure is "ripped apart". However, this implies that the size of the observable universe and the cosmological event horizon is continually shrinking – the distance at which objects can influence an observer becomes ever closer, and the distance over which interactions can propagate becomes ever shorter. Phantom energy has w < −1, which means that its density increases as the universe expands.Ī universe dominated by phantom energy is an accelerating universe, expanding at an ever-increasing rate. If −1 < w < 0, the expansion of the universe tends to accelerate, but the dark energy tends to dissipate over time, and the Big Rip does not happen. The key value is the equation of state parameter w, the ratio between the dark energy pressure and its energy density.
If the dark energy in the universe increases without limit, it could overcome all forces that hold the universe together. The type that could prove this hypothesis is a constantly increasing form of dark energy, known as phantom energy. The truth of the hypothesis relies on the type of dark energy present in our universe. Main articles: Future of an expanding universe, Heat death of the universe, Timeline of the far future, and Ultimate fate of the universe The possibility of sudden rip singularity occurs only for hypothetical matter ( phantom energy) with implausible physical properties. By contrast, in the Big Rip scenario the Hubble constant increases to infinity in a finite time. However, this expansion is similar for every moment of time (hence the exponential law – the expansion of a local volume is the same number of times over the same time interval), and is characterized by an unchanging, small Hubble constant, effectively ignored by any bound material structures. According to the standard model of cosmology, the scale factor of the universe is accelerating, and, in the future era of cosmological constant dominance, will increase exponentially.
In physical cosmology, the Big Rip is a hypothetical cosmological model concerning the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the matter of the universe, from stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles, and even spacetime itself, is progressively torn apart by the expansion of the universe at a certain time in the future, until distances between particles will become infinite.
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